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Ad Space Available Through the Renewable Energy Institute
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Ad Space Available Through the Renewable Energy Institute
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Catalytic
Conversion
www.CatalyticConversion.com
What is Catalytic Conversion?
Catalytic Conversion is, according to the Department of Energy, a primary tool for industry to produce valuable fuels, chemicals, and materials from biomass platform chemicals.
Catalytic conversion of biomass is best developed for biomass gasification, plasma gasification or other waste to energy or waste to fuel applications where synthesis gas or syngas is produced.
Proven catalytic conversion processes for synthesis gas production via conversion to fuels and chemicals exist and these can be applied to the production of fuels and chemicals from biomass via gasification.
Synthesis gas, which is a mixture of carbon monoxide (CO) and hydrogen (H2), is produced by gasification of biomass or organic wastes that can be converted into a large number of organic compounds that are useful as chemical feedstock, fuel and/or solvents.
At the center of this transformation is a selective catalyst that works under heat and pressure to convert the carbon monoxide and hydrogen into larger, more useful compounds. Many of the conversion technologies were developed for coal gasification but process economics have resulted in a shift to natural-gas-derived syngas. These catalytic conversion technologies, however, apply similarly to biomass-derived syngas.
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Our "Integrated" CHP Systems (available in either Cogeneration
or Trigeneration
configuration) Have
Very High Efficiencies, Low Emissions & Low Fuel Costs
The Effective Heat Rate for our CHP Systems is Approximately
4100 btu/kW. This equates to a Total System Efficiency of 92%.
Pictures (below) of a Custom Designed and Engineered
Cogeneration Plant Being Built for New Customer.
This Cogeneration
Plant is Rated at 900 kW and Features:
(2) Natural Gas Engines
@ 450 kW each on one Skid with Optional
Selective Catalytic Reduction system that removes Nitrogen
Oxides to "non-detect"
About us:
We provide architectural, emissions abatement, engineering, energy master planning, custom-designed and packaged CHP Systems (cogeneration and trigeneration energy systems) and renewable energy project development services, including;
Balance of Plant - BOP
Balance of System - BOS
Battery Energy Storage - BES
Carbon Emissions Consulting
Concentrated Solar Power - CSP
Demand Side Management - DSM
Economic Feasibility
Front End Engineering Design - FEED
Greenhouse Gas Emissions consulting
High Voltage Direct Current - HVDC
Interconnection Studies
Net Zero Energy - NZE
Net Zero Energy Buildings - NZEB
Organic Rankine Cycle - ORC
Power Purchase Agreement consulting & PPA fundingProject Development
Project Development
Project Management
Project Finance/Funding introduction to potential investors
Smart Grid
Synthesis Gas - Syngas
Vapor Recovery Units - VRU
Our work is performed on a strict adherence to "vendor-neutrality." We are client and project focused and seek to maximize our client's return on their investment while simultaneously minimizing their operational expenses and environmental exposure.
For qualified clients we will design, build, finance, own, operate and maintain a new:
energy
system, through a Power
Purchase Agreement that guarantees
a minimum 10% reduction in our client's energy expenses.
(NOTE: Engineering and related interim project development
expenses may be at client's expense but will be
refunded at the close of Power
Purchase Agreement or other project financing. Some of our
engineering
and EPC services may be provided by one of our Top-ranked ENR Engineering/EPC
partner companies.)
To receive a preliminary no-obligation review of your energy, engineering or
project plans,
send an introductory email to us at the following email address:
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What is Synthetic Diesel?
Synthetic Diesel is a method of producing diesel fuel from natural gas as well as from coal and organic waste streams such as biogas or biomethane.
Synthetic Diesel fuel, is NOT the same as B100 Biodiesel – Synthetic diesel is made by processing natural gas through a technology called the Fischer-Tropsch process, which converts the natural gas into Synthetic Diesel, a liquid – and used just like regular diesel fuel in any diesel fuel application.
Synthetic Diesel provides numerous economic and environmental benefits over typical petroleum diesel. First of all, Synthetic Diesel is sulfur-free and free of other petroleum by-products that are found in petroleum diesel that has been refined from crude oil. This means that Synthetic Diesel is significantly cleaner, cleaner-burning, and can be formulated for superior cold weather performance and fuel system lubricity.
Because Synthetic Diesel has fewer contaminates, it is lower in toxicity.
As Synthetic Diesel has a high cetane rating at 60 (cetane for diesel - octane for gasoline), it offers better performance over typical diesel fuel produced from crude oil.
Some remote natural gas can now be economically converted through a GTL process into an ultra-clean fuel for diesel engines. At times this fuel can be economically blended with conventional petroleum diesel fuels to: extend California’s diesel fuel supplies, and improve refinery capacity of cleaner diesel fuels.
An opportunity exists to use GTL fuels in California and reduce the emissions from old diesel vehicles especially school buses. One plant in South Africa (Mossgas) and Shell’s Indonesia plant both produce GTL fuels suitable for use in heavy-duty diesel applications.
Natural gas, is four times more expensive to transport than oil.
Converting natural gas to a liquid through a Fischer-Tropsch technology provides an opportunity to expand the use of the natural gas and lower the transportation cost from remote sources of low-cost gas.
![[Graph of emissions]](http://cogeneration.net/synthdiesel.gif)
Fischer-Tropsch is a gas-to-liquid (GTL) process that can produce a high-quality diesel fuel from natural gas, coal and biomass resources. Shell refers to the GTL process as a middle distillate synthesis (MDS). In all cases the middle distillate produced from this process can be blended with today’s diesel fuel.
GTL diesel has extremely low (0-5-ppm) sulfur, aromatics, and toxics. GTL fuel can be blended with non-complying CARB diesel fuel to make a cleaner diesel fuel complying with stringent diesel fuel standards.
Synthetic diesel fuel offers a new opportunity to use alternative fuels in diesel engines without compromising fuel-efficiency, increasing capital outlay, and impacting infrastructure or refueling cost.
Further commercialization of this fuel improves the prospects of new engines meeting proposed national 2007 heavy-duty diesel engine emission standards. In the near-term, this fuel can play a role reducing existing diesel vehicles exhaust and toxic emissions.
Since the late-1990s nearly every major oil company including: ARCO, Chevron, Conoco, Exxon, Phillips, Mobile, Statoil, and Texaco announced plans to build pilot plants or commercial plants to produce Synthetic Diesel fuel through the improved GTL process.
Stringent diesel exhaust emission standards and fuel specifications are compelling the petroleum industry to revisit the new, improved GTL process to competitively produce aromatic and sulfur complying diesel fuel.
Key to the commercial success of the GTL process lies in increased reactor capacity proven in the mid-1990s. This new process uses a slurry-bed reactor that has 100 times the capacity per reactor over some 1990 reactors and offers lowers cost.
Synthetic Diesel fuel appears to be the most economical fuel product from the GTL process, compared to producing gasoline. Preliminary testing of an unmodified diesel engine, fueled with Synthetic Diesel fuel, shows the following emission reductions compared to typical California diesel:
The GTL process needs low-cost natural gas, less than $1 per million BTUs, to compete with traditional diesel fuel. Some remote natural gas sources, called "stranded gas," that are not otherwise economically available may be ideally suited to this process, like Alaska.
GTL fuels produced from pipeline supplied natural gas would not be competitive due to the higher value of pipeline supplied natural gas.
NOTES:
Southwest Research Institute, AIChe, Emissions Performance of Fischer-Tropsch
Diesel Fuels, March 1997.
Document Date: July 5, 2000
What
is B100
Biodiesel?
B100 Biodiesel is 100% Biodiesel that is produced from oilseeds, crude vegetable oil, refined vegetable oil and waste vegetable oil. These fuels are over 90% less polluting than the "dirty diesel" produced from fossil fuels and the 10% (nitrogen oxides) is easily captured with selective catalytic reduction.
Our company - and network of Biodiesel plants across the U.S. - produces and sells B100 Biodiesel and B20 Biodiesel.
We develop, own, operate and maintain; Biodiesel Plants and Biodiesel Refineries that produce superior B100 Biodiesel of ASTM D 6751 specs.
We are interested in acquiring other Biodiesel Plants and Biodiesel Refineries that are no longer operating as long as they have superior technology and are located in the U.S. We have an interest in other biofuels technologies including; Biogas Plants, Biomass Gasification Plants, and Modular Ethanol Plants.
We specialize in clean power generation systems. These may include our natural gas engines that are fueled with Biomethane or Synthesis Gas or diesel engines that are fueled with B100 Biodiesel.
Our company or its' affiliate companies provide engineering, legal, finance, power purchase agreements, energy service agreements and greenhouse gas emissions consulting services for clients whose projects are located in the U.S., Canada, the Caribbean and Central/South America.
What
is E100 Ethanol?
E100 Ethanol is the fuel of champions, that will help our country become energy independent!
Did you know that all of the race cars at the Indy 500 car race are fueled with E100 Ethanol?
E100 Ethanol is 100% ethanol that can be produced from a wide variety of biomass feedstock, including, sugar cane, sugar beets, and other biomass materials and waste-streams including cellulosic biomass feedstock that is commonly referred to as "cellulosic ethanol."
We specialize in clean power generation systems. These may include our natural gas engines or diesel engines that are packaged in either "cogeneration" or "trigeneration" configuration, that are fueled with Biomethane, B100 Biodiesel, E100 Ethanol or Synthesis Gas. Our cogeneration and trigeneration power plants are about 90% efficient, and when fueled with renewable fuel, are carbon neutral, producing no greenhouse gas emissions and the optimum solution for clients seeking to reduce their energy expenses and greenhouse gas emissions.
Our company or its' affiliate companies also provide engineering, legal, finance, power purchase agreements, and greenhouse gas emissions consulting services for clients whose projects are located in the U.S., Canada, the Caribbean and Central/South America.
Synthesis
Gas - or "Syngas," also referred
to as synthetic
gas, are the names given to gas of different (yet
closely similar) to composition that are generated in biomass
gasification, coal gasification, coal
liquefaction, gas liquefaction – also known as natural gas to liquids plants
and other types of waste to energy
and waste to fuel
facilities.
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A natural gas to liquids, or “gas liquefaction” ultra clean fuels facility in the U.S. |
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Natural
Gas to Liquids is also referred to as "Natural
Gas Liquefaction," which is the process in which natural gas is
converted from the gaseous to the liquid phase.
At the end of the Natural Gas Liquefaction process, the product is referred to as Liquefied Natural Gas or "LNG."
A first-of-its-kind, natural gas-to-liquids or "gas liquefaction" facility was built in the U.S. that produces high-performance, sulfur-free fuel. The gas liquefaction plant produces approximately 70 bbls of ultra clean fuel per day from natural gas.
New technologies in the "natural gas to liquids" industry decreases expenses through increased efficiencies and converts natural gas to ultra clean fuel. These facilities typically consist of three primary components: an autothermal reformer that converts the natural gas into synthesis gas, a mixture of carbon monoxide and hydrogen; a Fischer-Tropsch unit that produces synthetic crude oil from the synthesis gas; and a refining unit that upgrades the synthetic crude to ultra clean fuels. These fuels, which can then be transported through existing pipelines, are now being tested in bus fleets operated by the Washington, DC, Metropolitan Area Transit Authority and the National Park Service in Denali, Alaska.
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What is "Cogeneration"?
Did you know that 10% of our nation's electricity now comes from "cogeneration" plants?
And
because cogeneration
is so efficient, it saves its customers up to 40% on their energy expenses, and
provides even greater savings to our environment through significant reductions
in fuel usage and much lower greenhouse
gas emissions.
Cogeneration
- also known as “combined
heat and power” (CHP), cogen, district energy, total energy, and
combined cycle, is the simultaneous production of heat (usually in the form of
hot water and/or steam) and power, utilizing one primary fuel such as natural
gas, or a renewable fuel, such as Biomethane,
B100 Biodiesel,
or Synthesis Gas.
Cogeneration technology is not the latest industry buzz-word being touted as the solution to our nation's energy woes. Cogeneration is a proven technology that has been around for over 120 years!
Our nation's first commercial power plant was a cogeneration plant that was designed and built by Thomas Edison in 1882 in New York. Our nation's first commercial power plant was called the "Pearl Street Station."
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What is "Trigeneration"?
Trigeneration is the simultaneous production of three forms of energy - typically, Cooling, Heating and Power - from only one fuel input. Put another way, our trigeneration power plants produce three different types of energy for the price of one.
Trigeneration energy systems can reach overall system efficiencies of 86% to 93%. Typical "central" power plants, that do not need the heat generated from the combustion and power generation process, are only about 33% efficient.
Trigeneration
Diagram & Description
Trigeneration Power Plants' Have the Highest System Efficiencies and are
About 300 % More Efficient than Typical Central Power Plants
Trigeneration
plants are installed at locations that can benefit from all three forms of
energy. These types of installations that install trigeneration
energy systems are called "onsite power generation" also referred to as
"decentralized energy."
One of our company's principal's first experience with the design and development of a trigeneration power plant was the trigeneration power plant installation at Rice University in 1987 where our trigeneration development team started out by conducting a "cogeneration" feasibility study. The EPC contractor that Rice University selected installed the trigeneration power which included a 4.0 MW Ruston gas turbine power plant, along with waste heat recovery boilers and Absorption Chillers. A "waste heat recovery boiler" captures the heat from the exhaust of the gas turbine. From there, the recovered energy was converted to chilled water - originally from (3) Hitachi Absorption Chillers - 2 were rated at 1,000 tons each, and the third Hitachi Absorption Chiller was rated at 1,500 tons. The Hitachi Absorption Chillers were replaced shortly after their installation by the EPC company. The first trigeneration plant at Rice University was so successful, they added a second 5.0 MW trigeneration plant so today, Rice University is now generating about 9.0 MW of electricity, and also producing the cooling and heating the university needs from the trigeneration plant and circulating the trigeneration energy around its campus.
Trigeneration Chart
Trigeneration's
"Super-Efficiency" compared
with other competing technologies
As you can see, there is No Competition for Trigeneration!
Our cogeneration
and trigeneration
energy systems are "custom" designed and engineered for each of our
new client's businesses and facilities. Our cogeneration
and trigeneration
energy systems are an ideal energy solution for many businesses,
including; Data
Centers, Hospitals, Universities, Airports, Central Plants, Colleges
& Universities, Dairies, Server Farms, District Heating & Cooling
Plants,
Food Processing Plants, Golf/Country
Clubs, Government Buildings, Grocery Stores, Hotels, Manufacturing
Plants,
Nursing Homes, Office
Buildings / Campuses,
Radio Stations, Refrigerated
Warehouses,
Resorts,
Restaurants,
Schools, Server Farms, Shopping Centers, Supermarkets, Television
Stations, Theatres and Military Bases.
At about 86% to 93% net system efficiency, our cogeneration and trigeneration energy systems are about 300% more efficient at providing energy than your current electric utility. That's because the typical electric utility's "central power plants" are only about 33% efficient - they waste 2/3 of the fuel in generating electricity in the enormous amount of waste heat energy that they exhaust through their smokestacks.
Trigeneration is defined as the simultaneous production of three energies: Cooling, Heating and Power. Our trigeneration energy systems use the same amount of fuel in producing three energies that would normally only produce just one type of energy. This means our customers that have our trigeneration power plants have significantly lower energy expenses, and a lower carbon footprint.
Our cogeneration and trigeneration energy systems can be an ideal solution for customers wanting increased power reliability and decreased energy and environmental costs. A few of the types of businesses, facilities and operations that might benefit from our cogeneration and trigeneration energy system(s) include the following:
Airports
Casinos
Central Plants
Colleges & Universities
Dairies
Data Centers
District Heating & Cooling plants
Food Processing Plants
Golf/Country Clubs
Government Buildings and Facilities
Grocery Stores
Hospitals
Hotels
Manufacturing Plants
Military Bases
Nursing Homes
Office Buildings / Campuses
Radio Stations
Refrigerated Warehouses
Resorts
Restaurants
Schools
Server Farms
Shopping centers
Supermarkets
Television Stations
Theatres
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Waste
Heat Recovery in Cogeneration
and
Trigeneration power and energy
systems
In most cogeneration and trigeneration power and energy systems, the exhaust gas from the electric generation equipment is ducted to a heat exchanger to recover the thermal energy in the gas. These heat exchangers are air-to-water heat exchangers, where the exhaust gas flows over some form of tube and fin heat exchange surface and the heat from the exhaust gas is transferred to make hot water or steam. The hot water or steam is then used to provide hot water or steam heating and/or to operate thermally activated equipment, such as an absorption chiller for cooling or a desiccant dehumidifer for dehumidification.
Many of the waste heat recovery technologies used in building co/trigeneration systems require hot water, some at moderate pressures of 15 to 150 psig. In the cases where additional steam or pressurized hot water is needed, it may be necessary to provide supplemental heat to the exhaust gas with a duct burner.
In some applications air-to-air heat exchangers can be used. In other instances, if the emissions from the generation equipment are low enough, such as is with many of the microturbine technologies, the hot exhaust gases can be mixed with make-up air and vented directly into the heating system for building heating.
In the majority of installations, a flapper damper or "diverter" is employed to vary flow across the heat transfer surfaces of the heat exchanger to maintain a specific design temperature of the hot water or steam generation rate.
Typical
Waste Heat Recovery Installation
In some co/trigeneration designs, the exhaust gases can be used to activate a
thermal wheel or a desiccant dehumidifier. Thermal wheels use the exhaust gas
to heat a wheel with a medium that absorbs the heat and then transfers the
heat when the wheel is rotated into the incoming airflow.
A
professional engineer should be involved in designing and sizing of the waste
heat recovery section. For a proper and economical operation, the design of
the heat recovery section involves consideration of many related factors, such
as the thermal capacity of the exhaust gases, the exhaust flow rate, the
sizing and type of heat exchanger, and the desired parameters over a various
range of operating conditions of the co/trigeneration system — all of which
need to be considered for proper and economical operation.
The Market and Potential for Waste Heat Recovery technologies and solutions
There are more than 500,000 smokestacks in the U.S. that are "wasting" heat, an untapped resource that can be converted to energy with Waste Heat Recovery technologies.
About 10% of these 500,000 smokestacks represent about 75% of the available wasted heat which has a stack gas exit temperature above 500 degrees F. which could generate approximately 50,000 megawatts of electricity annually and an annual market of over $75 billion in gross revenues before tax incentives and greenhouse gas emissions credits.
Waste Heat Recovery technologies represent the least cost solution which provides the greatest return on investment, than any other possible green energy technology or "carbon free energy" opportunity!
For more information on Waste Heat Recovery and Waste Heat Boilers, call/email us.
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What is a Biogas Plant?
To understand what a biogas plant is, we must first define what biogas is.
What is Biogas?
Biogas is the "crude methane" that is generated from landfills (landfill gas) or from anaerobic digesters (also called "methane digesters"). In both landfills and anaerobic digesters, the biogas is generated without oxygen, hence the name, "anaerobic."
A "biogas plant" refers to having one or more "anaerobic digesters" at a facility that is treating/processing; agricultural waste, bakery waste, brewery waste, food waste, manure, and sewage sludge from wastewater treatment plants (publicly owned treatment plant - POTW).
It should be pointed out that the biogas or "crude methane" generated from anaerobic digesters has zero value and cannot be used as a fuel, or sold to a gas company. This is due to the fact that the biogas produced from the anaerobic digesters contains a large number of contaminants including H2S, siloxanes, carbon dioxide and nitrogen. If used as a fuel in an engine or turbine, the engine or turbine would quickly fail. So, the crude biogas, must be cleaned to "pipeline quality gas" through the use of "natural gas treating" equipment, also referred to as "biogas to biomethane" equipment, that upgrades the biogas into biomethane, which is then a useful product that can be sold as pipeline quality gas or used as a fuel in engines or turbines.
What is Biogas
Conditioning?
Biogas conditioning is the process of purifying "biogas to biomethane" and removes the impurities of raw biogas, such as; H2S, CO2, nitrogen, siloxanes, H20, and other impurities.
Biogas conditioning is similar to "gas conditioning" in the oil and natural gas industry. Biogas conditioning is also referred to as commonly referred to as: Gas Sweetening, Natural Gas Conditioning or Natural Gas Treating, and may include several technologies in the gas processing process such as; Amine Plants, H2S Removal, and aqueous solutions of various alkanolamines (also referred to as amines) to remove hydrogen sulfide (H2S) and carbon dioxide (CO2) from natural gas.
What is an Energy Master
Plan?
Now that greenhouse gas reporting is a vital and urgent issue for thousands of business in the U.S., and as they will now have to report their greenhouse gas emissions to the EPA, our Energy Master Plan format has been changed to address these concerns for all of the businesses we perform energy master planning services for.
Our energy master planning services are also focused in a broader focus as well for our customers interested in sustainable energy solutions for reducing their carbon footprint, fossil fuel intensity, total energy expenses, potential for blackouts as well as their overall vulnerabilities to being "tied" to their specific electric utility. Our energy master planning services also improve the air quality and work environment for all of our client's stakeholders through our focus on triple bottom-line results.
Our energy master planning services are not solely focused on our client's facilities' "demand side" of the energy equation, but also how our client's energy is acquired and purchased on their supply side. This understanding that supply and demand side planning is equally important enabled a holistic review of how CUMC uses and pays for energy and the impact of these sources on the environment.
Our energy master plan begins with a review of our client's past three years electricity, natural gas, oil, waste and water expenditures and depending on the final requirements and project scope authorized by the client, will typically include;
Perform ASHRAE " Level 2" Energy Audit
Perform a "retro" commissioning study
Provide a "benchmark" of client's energy use and their greenhouse gas emissions
Identify automated demand response, demand side management and demand side response opportunities
Review client's current energy procurement methods and develop new strategies for reducing energy expenses
Identify opportunities for onsite power generation, including cogeneration, ecogeneration or trigeneration energy systems as well as renewable energy technologies such as; Distributed PV, Solar Cogeneration and Waste to Fuel
Review existing Power Purchase Agreements and all other energy agreements/contracts.
Identify external funding opportunities such as the use of Power Purchase Agreements
Identify opportunities for "fuel switching" or energy switching such as propane to natural gas and "cutting the cord" to the client's electric utility for an onsite power generation energy system.
Identify current energy management system and/or building automation system potential
Identify LEED opportunities
Identify Smart Metering, Micro-Grid and Unified Smart Grid opportunities
What
is Gas Processing?
Natural Gas Processing plants separate the various hydrocarbons and natural gas liquids from the pure natural gas (methane or CH4) to produce what is known as 'pipeline quality' natural gas. Natural gas pipeline companies have requirements on natural gas they buy from producers which is why the natural gas processing plants are located where they are, and why they separate the ethane, propane, butane, and pentanes from the methane. Natural gas liquids or NGLs include ethane, propane, butane, iso-butane, and natural gasoline.
What
is Methane
Recovery?
Methane Recovery (and Biogas Recovery) is the process of recovering methane, also referred to as natural gas or CH4.
Biogas, a "crude" form of methane, can be recovered from a number of facilities and locations, including; dairy farms, landfills wastewater treatment plants using Anaerobic Digesters and cleaned up to "pipeline quality gas" with "biogas to biomethane" equipment.
What is Syngas Cleanup?
The synthesis gas (syngas) produced from biomass gasification and plasma gasification plants contains a wide and varying number of pollutants and contaminants before the synthesis gas can be used as a "fuel gas." These pollutants and contaminants include;
ammonia
chlorides
fine particulates
heavy metals (trace amounts)
mercury
sulfur
To meet environmental emission regulations, as well as to protect downstream processes, the owner/operator of biomass gasification and plasma gasification plants must insure these are removed in a "syngas cleanup" process.
Depending on the application, the synthesis gas may also require "conditioning" to adjust the hydrogen-to-carbon monoxide (H2-to-CO) ratio to meet downstream process requirements.
In applications where very low sulfur (<10 ppmv) synthesis gas is required, converting the carbonyl sulfide (COS) to hydrogen sulfide (H2S) before sulfur removal may also be required.
Typical syngas cleanup and conditioning processes include;
acid gas removal (AGR) for extracting sulfur-bearing gases and CO2 removal.
ammonia and chlorides
catalytic hydrolysis for converting COS to H2S
cyclone and filters for bulk particulates removal
solid absorbents for mercury and trace heavy metal removal
water gas shift (WGS) for H2-to-CO ratio adjustment
wet scrubbing to remove fine particulates
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Carbon Dioxide Emissions
Since the year 1750
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World CO2 since 1750 (cubic feet) |
World Carbon Dioxide Emissions since 1750 (cubic feet)
The
carbon clock tracks total carbon dioxide
emissions in metric tons since 1750.
Since 1750, humans have emitted over 5 trillion pounds of carbon
emissions into
the atmosphere. Roughly half of this has ended up in the oceans where it is
beginning to damage the coral reefs. The other half is still in the atmosphere
and causing global warming. Each pound of CO2 takes up as much space as a 500
pound person.
The formula (which should be good for a year or two) is:
C(t) = 2.58 ×1012 + 1240×t, where t is seconds since the start of 2007.
C is tonnes (metric tons) of carbon dioxide
emissions.
2205 x C gives pounds of carbon dioxide
emissions.
That comes to over 43 billion tons/year or over 86 trillion pounds/year.
Carbon dioxide (2) = 1 carbon atom with 2 oxygen atoms.
Carbon has relative weight 12 and Oxygen 16.
So it takes only 12 pounds of carbon to make 12+16+16 = 44 pounds of CO2.
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Greenhouse Gas
Emissions
Linked to
the Loss of Polar Bears
Photo courtesy of Alaska Image Library. U.S.
Fish and Wildlife Service
The Renewable Energy
Institute Supports: American
Energy Plan *
Battery
Energy Storage *
Carbon
Free Energy Clean
Power Generation *
Cogeneration
* Compressed
Air Energy Storage Decentralized
Energy *
Demand
Side Management *
Distributed
PV EcoGeneration
* Flywheel
Energy Storage *
Frequency
Regulation Load
Leveling *
Net
Zero Energy *
Onsite
Power Generation Plug
In Electric Vehicles *
Pollution
Free Power Renewable
Energy Technologies *
Rooftop
PV *
Solar
CHP *
Solar
Cogeneration
____________________________________________________
What are "Carbon Dioxide Emissions"?
"Carbon Dioxide Emissions," also referred to as "CO2 Emissions and "Carbon Emissions" are one of the six major greenhouse gas emissions that most scientists and climatologists state are the primary reasons why the earth's climate is; warming/cooling/changing.
Technically speaking, the correct term is "Carbon Dioxide Emissions" and NOT "Carbon Emissions." In today's fast-paced news world and need to get information out quickly, the term Carbon Dioxide Emissions has been shortened to "Carbon Emissions."
According
to the EPA, Carbon
Dioxide Emissions,
or "Carbon
Emissions" or
simply "CO2," are generated in a number of ways. Carbon
Dioxide Emissions
are produced naturally through the carbon cycle and through human activities
like the burning of fossil fuels.
Natural sources of CO2 occur within the carbon cycle where billions of tons of
atmospheric CO2 are removed from the atmosphere by oceans and growing plants,
also known as ‘sinks,’ and are emitted back into the atmosphere annually
through natural processes also known as ‘sources.’ When in balance, the
total carbon dioxide emissions and removals from the entire carbon cycle are
roughly equal.
Since the Industrial Revolution in the 1700’s, when atmospheric concentrations
of carbon dioxide were 280 ppm, human activities - also referred to as
"anthropogenic" - including the use and burning of fossil fuels
including oil, coal and gas, as well as deforestation, have increased CO2
concentrations in the atmosphere to 390 ppm.
In 2005, global atmospheric concentrations of carbon dioxides were 35% higher than they were before the Industrial Revolution.
Carbon Dioxide Emissions are responsible for about 80% of the problems related to Greenhouse Gas Emissions.
Carbon Dioxide Emissions and carbon dioxide are one of the six anthropogenic Greenhouse Gas Emissions
methane and Biomethane
nitrous oxide
hydrofluorocarbons
perfluorocarbons
sulfur hexafluoride
that will be significantly reduced or eliminated via the global agreements under the Kyoto Protocol and new legislation in the U.S. under the pending "Cap and Trade" regulations in an effort to prevent climate change.
Foreign Oil is responsible for a significant number of problems facing the USA as well as the rest of the world.
The Renewable Energy Institute recognizes we cannot immediately end the use of fossil fuel, but as a first step to a sustainable and renewable energy future, we CAN and MUST stop buying and importing foreign oil (except from Canada) or, alternatively, enact a foreign oil tax with 100% of the tax revenues used for building and deploying the renewable energy alternatives to fossil fuels. Support Clean Energy!
In the case of a foreign oil tax, the Renewable Energy Institute suggests a first year foreign oil tax at $10/bbl on every barrel of oil from foreign countries (except oil from Canada).
All of the tax receipts from foreign oil will go directly to cities and areas that are presently in the EPA's "non-attainment" due to pollution caused by fossil fuels. These cities and areas under EPA's non-attainment include; Houston/Galveston, Dallas and Los Angeles, among others.
The foreign oil tax revenues will be used for replacing fossil fuels with renewable fuels, as well as replacing gasoline and diesel vehicles with Plug-In Electric Vehicles, building the "unified smart grid" for PEVs, and increased use of decentralized energy, cogeneration and trigeneration power plants.
This method of utilizing the foreign oil tax revenues for replacing fossil fuels with renewable energy technologies will have the biggest and most effective impact on not only getting America off foreign oil, but also improving the air quality and health of the people living in the EPA's non-attainment areas. Simultaneously, bringing these EPA non-attainment areas into compliance, will help jump-start the transition away from fossil fuels to renewable energy.
What is Battery
Energy Storage?
Battery Energy Storage, and Battery Energy Storage systems (BESS) use stored electrical power in batteries, and feed this energy to the electric grid (building, or facility) at times when it makes economic sense. For a "Net Zero Energy" building or facility, a Solar Cogeneration, or Solar Trigeneration energy system is used that stores excess solar power in the Battery Energy Storage system during the daytime, for use when the sun goes down, and during inclement weather.
Battery Energy Storage is an ideal solution for utility-scale wind farms, particularly in Texas, when most of the renewable energy is generated at night when the power isn't needed.
Battery Energy Storage is also an ideal demand side management or load leveling solution.
A new Net Zero Energy building to be built in Austin, Texas will feature a solar cogeneration system that is integrated with a Battery Energy Storage system - storing excess energy generated during the daytime for use after the sun sets and during periods of inclement weather. The owners are presently considering a "grid free energy" (building will be off the grid - not connected to the electric grid) solution as well as Platinum LEED certification for their new commercial building.
What are Energy
Storage Systems?
Energy storage systems represent one of the most exciting new areas of research and development in the energy industry.
As the energy, renewable energy and electric utility industries move toward a "smart grid," and with more and more renewable energy being generated and placed on the grid, energy storage systems are a vital "missing link" in the smart grid's evolution.
Particularly with more and more renewable energy coming online.
Renewable energy in the form of wind and solar is generated on an intermittent basis, for wind, only when the wind blows, and for sun, only when the sun shines. Renewable energy is not always available when it is needed. Energy storage systems will overcome this problem, making both renewable energy and electricity generated available when it's
needed.
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Decentralized Energy is the opposite of "centralized energy." Decentralized Energy energy generates the power and energy that a residential, commercial or industrial customer needs, onsite. Examples of decentralized energy production are solar energy systems and solar trigeneration energy systems.
Today's electric utility industry was "born" in the 1930's, when fossil fuel prices were cheap, and the cost of wheeling the electricity via transmission power lines, was also cheap. "Central" power plants could be located hundreds of miles from the load centers, or cities, where the electricity was needed. These extreme inefficiencies and cheap fossil fuel prices have added a considerable economic and environmental burden to the consumers and the planet.
Centralized
energy is found in the form of electric utility companies that generate power
from "central" power plants. Central power plants are highly
inefficient, averaging only 33% net system efficiency. This means that the
power coming to your home or business - including the line losses and
transmission inefficiencies of moving the power - has lost 75% to as much as 80%
energy it started with at the "central" power plant. These
losses and inefficiencies translate into significantly increased energy expenses
by the residential and commercial consumers.
Decentralized Energy is the Best Way to Generate Clean and Green Energy!
How we make and distribute electricity is changing!
The electric power generation, transmission and distribution system (the electric "grid") is changing and evolving from the electric grid of the 19th and 20th centuries, which was inefficient, highly-polluting, very expensive and “dumb.”
The "old" way of generating and distributing
energy resembles this slide:
The electric grid of the 21st century (see slide below) will be Decentralized, Smart, Efficient and provide "carbon free energy" and “pollution free power” to customers who remain on the electric grid. The electric grid of the future will be comprised of both Onsite Power Generation plants and "utility scale power plants" that are fueled/powered with Biomass Gasification, Biomethane, Concentrating Solar Power, B100 Biodiesel, Distributed PV, EcoGeneration Systems, Geothermal Power Plants, Synthesis Gas, Rooftop PV, Solar Cogeneration, Solar Energy Systems, Solar Power Parks, Solar Trigeneration and Wind Power Generation - located at Residential, Commercial, Industrial and City/Municipal Locations.
Some customers will choose to dis-connect from the grid entirely. (Electric grid represented by the small light blue circles in the slide below.)
The transmission grid will be upgraded to a "Unified Smart Grid" with green electrons now being wheeled via "High Voltage Direct Current."
Typical "central" power plants and the electric utility companies that own them will either be shut-down, closed or go out of business due to one or more of the following:
failed business model
inordinate expenses and high operating costs to run central power plants
utilities and their central power plants are inefficient and generate excessive pollution/emissions
continued reliance on fossil fuels to generate energy
the failure of utilities to provide efficient, carbon free energy, clean power generation and pollution free power.
Decentralized energy, carbon free energy, clean power generation and pollution free power technologies ARE the future - whether the utility giants recognize this fact or not. These green and sustainable energy technologies will reduce, and one day eliminate America's dependence on foreign oil - making America energy independent while reducing and eliminating Greenhouse Gas Emissions - and could mean the end of central power plants as well as the utility companies that own and operate them!
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Hubbert's Peak Oil Predictions Now Proving True?
Marion King Hubbert was a geologist and scientist who worked at Shell Oil company's research lab in Houston, Texas. Hubbert made several important contributions to geology, geophysics and petroleum geology. Hubbert is most recognized for the "Hubbert Curve" and " Hubbert Peak Theory" which is now referred to as " Peak Oil.
Hubbert's life work determined that the world has a finite amount of petroleum that can be produced. (Similarly, there is a finite amount of coal.) Many scientists and engineers believe we have reached Hubbert's "peak oil" limit. Hubbert's espouses that when 50% of domestic crude oil production has been reached, that there will be such significant upward demand on prices of the limited supplies of oil production, that the U.S. economy will experience severe economic, social, and political turmoil.
Hubbert's Peak Oil predictions have proven to be true and this is validated as the U.S. in the early 1970's produced about 60% of its' oil demand and imported 40%. That equation has flipped since then, because our domestic oil production has been on the decline since 1970, so now, due to our declining domestic oil production, we have to import 60% of our oil supplies, to meet our country's oil/energy demands.
The Next Oil Shock Could be the "mother" of All Oil Shocks
How severe our economic calamity and next "oil shock" will depend upon a number of factors, including when this occurs, as well as the following:
1. the dependence of the individual country upon its own crude oil production to meet its energy needs and to subsidize consumer imports;
2. the rate of relative decline in crude oil production;
3. the degree of difficulty encountered in replacing missing energy inputs;
4.
the degree to which our country had prepared in advance for this inevitable geological
and economic calamity.
Examples of past "oil shocks" and the economic and political
calamities that followed:
United States: Our peak crude oil production of domestic oil occurred in
1970; the first "oil shock" and oil crisis followed in 1973 with the
Arab/OPEC Oil Embargo.
Iran: Their peak crude oil production occurred in 1974; They had their islamic revolution 1979 that overturned government and replaced it with radical islam.
Soviet
Union: Their peak crude oil production
was in 1989; what happened next?
Their country disintegrated and the collapse of the Soviet Union followed in 1991.
Indonesia: Their peak crude oil production was in 1991; their financial
and government crisis followed in 1997.
Iraq: Iraq's crude oil production was in 1989; they then invaded Kuwait (for their oil) in 1991.
Using Mr. Hubbert's predictions, that beginning around 2000 we would see peak (global) oil production, then, if the country's not weaning themselves off of their oil addiction, and had not begun making the switch to renewable energy, that the negative economic and political calamities would soon follow, including ever-increasing prices of energy that is from fossil fuels.
Now is the time to begin weaning ourselves off of fossil fuels and making the transition to and increasing the use of renewable energy. If you don't believe in climate change, or global warming, GREAT! Join us in the switch to renewable energy and a fossil-free economy!
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America's Clear and Present Danger
America
Has INCREASED its' Dependence on Foreign
Sources of Energy by 50% Since 1973.
America is even more "addicted" to foreign oil today, than we were in 1973 - 1974 when OPEC, Saudi Arabia and other suppliers from the Middle-East stopped selling us their fossil fuels, and created a significant blow to our economy.
According to the CIA Fact Book, Every Day, the U.S.:
PRODUCES: 7,460,000 bbls of oil
CONSUMES:
20,800,000 bbls of oil
This Means that 65% of America's Energy Supplies are Now Imported from Suppliers from Foreign Countries.
Simply put, about 65% of the gasoline in your car's gas tank, comes from a foreign country.
EVERY day, the U.S. must IMPORT over 13 million bbls of oil from foreign countries and foreign suppliers to meet demand.
At
$80/barrel of oil, this also means that $1,040,000,000.00 American Dollars leave
our country, EVERY DAY, to foreign countries/suppliers of our fossil fuels, to
pay for the energy we need.
That's
$1 Billion EVERY day leaving our economy, and going to support a foreign
country's economy.
Talk
about our foreign trade deficit..... nearly $400 Billion each year, leaves our
country to pay for our oil addiction and the energy we need. To be exact,
that's $379,600,000,000.00 American Dollars.
This is NOT acceptable.
America needs to quickly transition to Energy Independence.
Renewable Energy is the Only Way America Can Achieve Energy Independence.
Millions of new and sustainable American jobs would be created here at home, if we would end our addiction to foreign fossil fuels, and quickly transition to an economy based on renewable energy and renewable fuels, produced here in the U.S.A.
The good news is that today, America already has all of the Renewable Energy Resources and Renewable Energy Technologies needed to make American Energy Independence a reality.
According to Monty Goodell, Founder and Chairman of the Renewable Energy Institute, "our increased dependence and reliance on foreign energy supplies represents a Clear and Present Danger to our national security, our economy, and the lives and livelihood of every American. Energy - including the energy we use from imported fossil fuels, is the very "lifeblood" of the American economy as it is for every industrialized country. An economy dies without it's lifeblood of energy. This Clear and Present Danger we face is far more serious than the problems related to greenhouse gas emissions. And while greenhouse gas emissions are very serious issue, in the long-term, pales in comparison to America's vital national security interests and America's economic stability in the short term. For this reason alone, America needs to transition away from its addiction to foreign energy supplies. And America's abundant renewable energy resources such as the energy we receive from the sun, and renewable energy technologies such as concentrated solar power (CSP) plants - can supply 100% of America's power requirements with a concentrating solar power plant measuring 75 miles by 75 miles, located in the Southwest U.S. By generating America's power from concentrating solar power plants, America resolves its' short-term Clear and Present Danger as it relates to importing its energy from foreign countries, and the long-term problems relating to greenhouse gas emissions."
Continuing, Mr. Goodell states that "too many Americans have forgotten what happened to us in 1973, when the Arabs and OPEC brought the United States economy to a screeching halt during the OPEC Oil Embargo. This happened because they (mainly the country of Saudi Arabia) disagreed with our foreign policy and is the reason why they "turned off the tap" of our need for their oil supplies. When Saudi Arabia and OPEC stopped the vital flow of oil to our country in 1973, they caused an "oil shock" that severely and negatively impacted our economy.
Mr. Goodell's question for us to ponder is, "do these countries who sell us 60% of our daily energy requirements, like us and our foreign policy, or might they leverage our addiction to their fossil fuels, and turn off the tap to make us adjust or revise our foreign policy?? Like any addict, America's foreign policy may be held hostage to its addiction, and in this case, our addiction to foreign oil, may over-ride our national interests."
Have
American's forgotten the gas shortages and long lines at
their gas stations to get
gas during the Arab Oil Embargo of 1973?
"Apparently so." Mr. Goodell states that "in 1973, America was 'addicted' and 'over the barrel' of foreign oil to the amount of 40%. Forty percent of our energy 'needs' in 1973 came from countries - many of which didn't like us then, and I'm afraid, many of them still don't. The difference between 1973 and today - is that today we receive 50% MORE foreign oil now than we did in 1973. And now we know about the problems relating to greenhouse gas emissions that we didn't know then. America needs to change course, and change course now, in terms of its' energy supplies and how we keep America's economy strong, without the threat of being held hostage to a middle-east tyrant or regime, that could once again, turn on us, and turn off our supply of foreign oil."
Remember ????
"Sadly," Monty Goodell continues, "most Americans have forgotten the long lines of people waiting in their cars
- lined up and waiting
for gasoline at their nearby gas station, with lines that were many blocks
long. And, after waiting 4-5 hours, many even waiting overnight in many places, to
finally take their turn to fill up their car with gasoline, only to find that
the gas station
had run out of gas."
"Let me Repeat.... That was 1973 when we imported 40% of our daily energy requirements in the form of crude oil from overseas, and from foreign countries - and many of these from countries that don't like us.
Today, over 35 years later, America has yet to learn the lesson. We cannot continue our reliance on energy from foreign countries that supply us with 60% of the crude oil that our refineries use as a feedstock for producing gasoline and diesel fuel for our cars and trucks comes from overseas.
America is "over the barrel" and it's not our barrel, but the barrels of oil that we are addicted by and owned by other countries. Why have we not learned the lessons we needed to learn in 1973 when we were cut-off from the vital energy supplies we need?
Countries like China, are growing rapidly, and have an insatiable need for crude oil. China, with their booming economy, is increasingly growing in its clout and control over international supplies of crude oil - whether they do this through their ability to buy as much oil as they need on a daily basis, or whether they simply but American drilling rigs, technology, and explore and produce oil and gas from their own fields. China, is buying large amounts of oil for their country, and causing upward pricing on declining supplies. What happens if Russia, with all of their oil and natural gas, along with China and Venezuela, with or without the help of OPEC, decided to NOT sell oil to us????
To be sure, greenhouse gas emissions are a problem, and to some, greenhouse gas emissions are also a Clear and Present Danger, but not to the extent that it presents an imminent Clear and Present Danger.
America's reliance for 60% of our energy "needs" coming from foreign suppliers is un-acceptable.
The "driver" to get America to begin reducing and eliminating fossil fuel use should be our nation's national security and the welfare and safety of its citizens. And this can all begin with developing and investing in our own renewable energy resources and renewable energy technologies, let's start by putting solar on every rooftop that has a clear and unobstructed view of the Southern sky. See www.RooftopPV.com or www.DistributedPV.com for more information. Let's create incentives begin with adopting a national "Feed In Tariff" as Germany did in 1990.
America,
we simply do NOT have the luxury of time on our hands. We need to end our
dependence and reliance on foreign fossil fuels, especially from countries that
don't like us! We need to rapidly begin expanding renewable energy
resources and renewable
energy technologies from our vast and abundant renewable energy resources,
such as; solar, solar energy systems, solar cogeneration, solar trigeneration,
"solar on every roof," waste to energy, waste to fuel, biomass
gasification, B100 Biodiesel, Biomethane, Synthesis Gas, geothermal, E100
Ethanol (from sugar cane and NOT from corn), and wind, where it makes economic
sense."
For more
information, call or email:
______________________________________________________
Are
you doing your part to prevent Climate Change and End America's
Reliance on Foreign Energy?
Our following EcoGeneration
technologies,
including our
Biomethane, B100
Biodiesel and Synthesis Gas Fuels
Generated from our "Waste to Fuel"
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and Pollution Free Power
solutions that will:
*
eliminate or greatly reduce our customer's electric demand charges and electric
expenses.
* slow, stop and eventually reverse climate change by reducing and then
eliminating anthropogenic greenhouse
gas emissions - of which carbon
dioxide emissions makes up 80% of all greenhouse
gas emissions. *
reduce the need for inefficient and expensive central power plants owned by
utility companies. *
end America's dependence on oil from OPEC and other countries in the
Middle-East, Venezuela and end our need for importing natural gas from Russia.
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* forever change the way energy is generated and used.
* reduce and eventually eliminate the use of coal and other fossil fuels.
* promote energy independence.
www.AmericanEnergyPlan.com
Anaerobic Digester
www.AnaerobicDigester.com
Anaerobic Digesters
www.AnaerobicDigesters.com
B100 Biodiesel
www.B100Biodiesel.com
Battery
Energy Storage
www.BatteryEnergyStorage.com
Biomass
Gasification
www.BiomassGasification.com
Biomethane
www.Biomethane.com
Building Automation System
www.BuildingAutomationSystem.com
Buildings
of the Future
www.BuildingsOfTheFuture.com
Carbon
Dioxide Emissions
www.CarbonDioxideEmissions.com
Carbon Emissions
www.CarbonEmissions.com
Carbon Free Energy
www.CarbonFreeEnergy.com
Clean Power Generation
www.CleanPowerGeneration.com
Cogeneration
www.Cogeneration.net
Concentrated
Solar Power - CSP
www.ConcentratedSolarPower.com
Concentrating
Solar Power
www.ConcentratingSolarPower.com
Demand
Response Programs
www.DemandResponsePrograms.com
Demand
Side Management
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Distributed
PV
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Distributed
Solar Generation
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EcoGeneration
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Energy
Conservation Measures
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Energy
Efficiency Measures
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Energy
Efficiency Lighting
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Energy
Master Plans
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Energy Master Plan
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Greenhouse Gas Emissions
www.GreenhouseGasEmissions.com
Net Zero Energy
- NZE
Net Zero Energy Building
- NZEB
No Foreign Oil
www.NoForeignOil.com
Plug
In Electric Vehicles
www.PlugInElectricVehicles.com
Pollution
Free Power
www.PollutionFreePower.com
Rooftop
PV
www.RooftopPV.com
Solar Energy Systems
www.SolarEnergySystems.net
Solar Power Parks
www.SolarPowerParks.com
Solar Cogeneration
www.SolarCogeneration.com
Solar Trigeneration
www.SolarTrigeneration.com
Sustainable
Building Solutions
www.SustainableBuildingSolutions.com
Sustainable
Building Technologies
www.SustainableBuildingTechnologies.com
Synthesis Gas
www.SynthesisGas.com
Trigeneration
www.Trigeneration.com
Virtual Power Plants
www.VirtualPowerPlants.com
Waste Heat Recovery
www.WasteHeatRecovery.com
Waste to Energy
www.WasteToEnergy.net
Waste
To Fuel
www.WasteToFuel.com
Wind
Power Generation
www.WindPowerGeneration.com
Zero Emission Energy
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Zero Emission Power
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